History of technology - The 20th century: Recent history is notoriously difficult to write, because of the mass of material and the problem of distinguishing the. Classical Music Genres. The most comprehensive list of classical music genres available on the Internet. The Music Genres List site covers many of the most popular styles of classical music, we hope this becomes the definitive list of classical music genres on the Internet, send an email to add @ musicgenreslist dot com if you feel any classical music genres are missing and we’ll add to complete the music list. Avant- Garde. Baroque. Chamber Music. Chant. Choral. Classical Crossover. Early Music. High Classical. Impressionist. Medieval. Minimalism. Modern Composition. Opera. Orchestral. Renaissance. Romantic. Wedding Music. It is important to have some understanding of the historical periods of music. Medieval Classical Music. When we explore Medieval music, we are dealing with the longest and most distant period of musical history. It includes the Gregorian chant. Gregorian chant is monophonic, meaning music that consists of only one melodic line without accompaniment. Polyphony, music where two or more melodic lines are heard simultaneously, did not exist (or was not knotted) until the 1. Unlike chant, polyphony required the participation of a composer to combine the melodic lines in a pleasing manner. I don’t know much about this period because I don’t like this kind of music. Renaissance Classical Music. In the mid- 1. 50. This concept seems like a no- brainer today, but it was a fairly new idea at the time. To suggest that Medieval composers had no desire to write “expressive” music would be unfair. But, it was the rediscovery of ancient Greek ideals in the Renaissance that inspired many musicians to explore the eloquent possibilities of their art. The first genocide of the 20th Century occurred when two million Armenians living in Turkey were eliminated from their historic homeland through forced deportations. A BRIEF HISTORY OF MEDICINE. By Tim Lambert. MEDICINE IN THE ANCIENT WORLD. Medicine among Primitive Peoples. The first evidence of surgery is skulls from the stone age. The increased value of individualism in the Renaissance is reflected by the changing role of the composer in society. Unlike most of their Medieval predecessors, the great masters of the Renaissance were revered in their own lifetimes. Sacred music was still predominant, though secular music became more prevalent and more sophisticated. The repertory of instrumental music also began to expand significantly. New instruments were invented, including the clavichord and virginal (both keyboard instruments) and many existing instruments were improved. Baroque Classical Music (1. Johann Sebastian Bach, George Frideric Handel, Johann Pachelbel, Antonio Vivaldi. Baroque music is often highly ornate, colorful and richly textured when compared with its predecessors. Opera was born at what is considered to be the very beginning of the Baroque era, around 1. Music’s ability to express human emotions and depict natural phenomenon was explored throughout the Baroque period. Although imitative polyphony remained fundamental to musical composition, homophonic writing became increasingly important. Homophonic music features a clear distinction between the melody line and an subsidiary accompaniment part. During the 20th century there was a vast increase in the variety of music that people had access to. Prior to the invention of mass market gramophone records. The orchestra evolved during the early Baroque, starting as an “accompanist” for operatic and vocal music. By the mid- 1. 60. The concerto was a favorite Baroque form that featured a solo instrumentalist (or small ensemble of soloists) playing “against” the orchestra, creating interesting contrasts of volume and texture. Many Baroque composers were also virtuoso performers. For example, Archangelo Corelli was famous for his violin playing and Johann Sebastian Bach was famous for his keyboard skills. The highly ornamented quality of Baroque melody lent itself perfectly to such displays of musical dexterity.“Classical” Music (1. Johann Christian Bach, Ledwig van Beethoven, Franz Joseph haydn, Wolfgang Amadeus. The word Classical has strong connotations, conjuring up the art and philosophy of Ancient Greece and Rome along with their ideals of balance, proportion and disciplined expression. The late Baroque style was polyphonically complex and melodically ornate. The composers of the early Classical period changed direction, writing music that was much simpler in texture. Homophony–music in which melody and accompaniment are distinct–dominated the Classical style, and new forms of composition were developed to accommodate the transformation. Sonata form is by far the most important of these forms, and one that continued to evolve throughout the Classical period. Although Baroque composers also wrote pieces called sonatas, the Classical sonata was quite different. One of the most important developments of the Classical period is the growth of the public concert. Although the aristocracy would continue to play a significant role in musical life, it was now possible for composers to survive without being the employee of one person or family. This also meant that concerts were no longer limited to palace drawing rooms. Composers started organizing concerts featuring their own music, and often attracted large audiences. The increasing popularity of the public concert had a strong impact on the growth of the orchestra. Although chamber music and solo works were played in the home or other intimate settings, orchestral concerts seemed to be naturally designed for big public spaces. You could make a list a mile long of all the famous people of the 20th century from the worlds of politics, entertainment and sports. But a few names stand out. Civil War, Despotism and Democracy - a brief history of Spain during the 20th Century. Twentieth Century Fox Film Corporation (known as Twentieth Century-Fox Film Corporation with hyphen from 1935 until 1985 or simply known as Fox) is an American film. The most comprehensive list of classical music genres available on the Internet. The Music Genres List site covers many of the most popular styles of classical music. Contrary to popular opinion there never was a country called Greece or Hellas until the Revolution of 1821. When rebellion against the Ottoman Empire gave birth to. Search the Poetry Foundation's archive of over 3.800 poets featuring Robert Frost, Emily Dickinson, Gertrude Stein, Walt Whitman, Langston Hughes, William Wordsworth. As a result, symphonic music (including opera and oratorio) became more extroverted in character. Composers gradually expanded the size of the orchestra to accommodate this expanded musical vision. Romantic Classical Music (1. Johannes Brahms, Claude Debussy, Frederic Chopin, Felix Mendelssohn, Piotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky. Romanticism implies fantasy, spontaneity and sensuality. The Classical period focused on structural clarity and emotional restraint. Classical music was expressive, but not so passionate that it could overwhelm a work’s equilibrium. Beethoven who was in some ways responsible for igniting the flame of romanticism, always struggled (sometimes unsuccessfully) to maintain that balance. Many composers of the Romantic period followed Beethoven’s model and found their own balance between emotional intensity and Classical form. Others reveled in the new atmosphere of artistic freedom and created music whose structure was designed to support its emotional surges. Musical story- telling became important, and not just in opera, but in “pure” instrumental music as well. The tone- poem is a particularly Romantic invention, as it was an orchestral work whose structure was entirely dependent on the scene being depicted or the story being told. Color was another important feature of Romantic music. New instruments were added to the orchestra and composers experimented with ways to get new sounds from existing instruments. A large palette of musical colors was necessary to depict the exotic scenes that became so popular. In addition to seeking out the sights and sounds of other places, composers began exploring the music of their native countries. Nationalism became a driving force in the late Romantic period and composers wanted their music to express their cultural identity. This desire was particularly intense in Russia and Eastern Europe, where elements of folk music were incorporated into symphonies, tone- poems and other “Classical” forms. The Romantic period was the heyday of the virtuoso. Exceptionally gifted performers–and particularly pianists, violinists, and singers–became enormously popular. Liszt, the great Hungarian pianist/composer, reportedly played with such passion and intensity that women in the audience would faint. Since, like Liszt, most composers were also virtuoso performers, it was inevitable that the music they wrote would be extremely challenging to play. The Romantic period witnessed an unprecedented glorification of the artist–whether musician, poet or painter–that has had a powerful impact on our own culture. Early 2. 0th- C. History. Debussy through Copland. Many 2. 0th- century composers turned away from harmonic methods that had been used in music for the past 1. The Frenchman Claude Debussy (1. Paris Conservatoire, instead infusing his practice with harmonic techniques from East Asia and Russia. Debussy’s association with French painters of his time has led some people to label him and his music “Impressionist.” Debussy did share with the Impressionist painters a propensity for depicting nature; the orchestral piece reproduced here, one of three “nocturnes,” is entitled “Clouds.” (Debussy’s “nocturnes” are not related to Chopin’s use of the term.) With Debussy, we enter the “Modern” era of Western art music, an era which presumably continues to the present day. The American Charles Ives (1. Ives blended, overlaid, and contrasted snippets of music from all walks of American life: the country church, the dance hall, and the military base. Military music is most evident in “Putnam’s Camp, Redding, Connecticut,” a musical representation of the Revolutionary army marching at the winter quarters of General Israel Putnam. The tunes “Yankee Doodle” and “The British Grenadiers” are woven into the music, as is John Philip Sousa’s march “Semper Fidelis.”The best- known work of Alban Berg (1. Schoenberg, is the Expressionist opera Wozzeck. Expressionism, associated with painters and composers in Germany and Austria between the world wars, took as its subject matter the irrational unconscious, inner conflict, and alienation from the conventions of society. The title character of Wozzeck is an impoverished, deranged soldier, who discovers an affair between his lover Marie and the more impressive Drum Major. In the scene reproduced here, Wozzeck finds himself in a crowded bar after having cut Marie’s throat; near the end of the scene, the crowd discovers blood stains on Wozzeck’s arm, inspiring him to flee. Modern Classical Music (ca, 1. Present)Aaron Copland, George Gershwin. The late Romantic period featured its own extremes: sprawling symphonies and tone- poems overflowing with music that seemed to stretch harmony and melody to their limits. It is certainly possible to view some early 2. Romantic style, but a great deal of it can also be interpreted as a reaction against that style. The primal energy of Stravinsky’s Rite of Spring has been called neo- Primitivism. Portrait of a Priestess: Women and Ritual in Ancient Greece - Joan Breton Connelly - Books - Review. In the summer of 4. B. C., Chrysis, the priestess of Hera at Argos, fell asleep inside the goddess’s great temple, and a torch she had left ablaze set fire to the sacred garlands there, burning the building to the ground. This spectacular case of custodial negligence drew the attention of the historian Thucydides, a man with scant interest in religion or women. But he had mentioned Chrysis once before: the official lists of Hera’s priestesses at Argos provided a way of dating historical events in the Greek world, and Thucydides formally marked the beginning of the Peloponnesian War with Chrysis’ name and year of tenure, together with the names of consequential male officeholders from Athens and Sparta. During the same upheaval, in 4. Thucydides’ fellow Athenian Aristophanes staged his comedy “Lysistrata,” with a heroine who tries to bring the war to an end by leading a sex strike. There is reason to believe that Lysistrata herself is drawn in part from a contemporary historical figure, Lysimache, the priestess of Athena Polias on the Acropolis. If so, she joins such pre- eminent Athenians as Pericles, Euripides and Socrates as an object of Aristophanes’ lampoons. On a much bigger stage in 4. B. C., before the battle of Salamis, one of Lysimache’s predecessors helped persuade the Athenians to take to their ships and evacuate the city ahead of the Persian invaders — a policy that very likely saved Greece — announcing that Athena’s sacred snake had failed to eat its honey cake, a sign that the goddess had already departed. These are just some of the influential women visible through the cracks of conventional history in Joan Breton Connelly’s eye- opening “Portrait of a Priestess: Women and Ritual in Ancient Greece.” Her portrait is not in fact that of an individual priestess, but of a formidable class of women scattered over the Greek world and across a thousand years of history, down to the day in A. D. 3. 93 when the Christian emperor Theodosius banned the polytheistic cults. It is remarkable, in this age of gender studies, that this is the first comprehensive treatment of the subject, especially since, as Connelly persuasively argues, religious office was, exceptionally, an “arena in which Greek women assumed roles equal .. Her book shows generations of women enjoying all the influence, prestige, honor and respect that ancient priesthoods entailed. Few were as exalted as the Pythia, who sat entranced on a tripod at Delphi and revealed the oracular will of Apollo, in hexameter verse, to individuals and to states. But Connelly finds priestesses who were paid for cult services, awarded public portrait statues, given elaborate state funerals, consulted on political matters and acknowledged as sources of cultural wisdom and authority by open- minded men like the historian Herodotus. With separation of church and state an inconceivable notion in the world’s first democracy, all priesthoods, including those held by women, were essentially political offices, Connelly maintains. Nor did sacred service mean self- abnegation. Few cults called for permanent sexual abstinence, and those that did tended to appoint women already beyond childbearing age; some of the most powerful priesthoods were held by married women with children, leading “normal” lives. Photo. A vase painting of a woman at sacrifice. Credit. Toledo Museum of Art The Greeks don’t deserve their reputation as rationalists. Religion and ritual permeated the world of the city- states, where, Connelly notes, “there was no area of life that lacked a religious aspect.” She cites one estimate that 2,0. Athens alone; the city’s roughly 1.
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